F35 to F36 FreeIPA server upgrade test is failing because the
latest F36 package is lower-versioned than the latest F35
package, and FreeIPA's upgrade scripts are written to fail if
this is the case. The update bumps the F36 NVR to be higher
than the F35 one.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
bodhi-client should depend on it, but technically since we have
code that calls `koji` directly here, we should probably also
include it in our install anyway, so not marking this as a
workaround.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This PR changes the way to download the test data into the VM.
Although it does not use a disk image as suggested in one
of the review, it does not clone the entire repository, but
a simple tar.gz file that holds the data which will be
distributed into the directory structure.
This way, the amount of data needed to be downloaded dropped
from approximately 50MB to below 2MB.
Also, the existing test suites were adapted to this situation.
Now we've ditched syslinux in Rawhide, we should just always
expect to see grub if release number is > 36.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
It seems when we quit Firefox back to a VT on ppc64le, the system
hangs. Not sure why, but we can deal with it by rebooting the
system and logging back in as root if it happens. Also take the
opportunity to clean up the flow of quit_firefox so we always
check that we get back to a console then wait 5 seconds for the
console to settle, so all the tests that call it can stop doing
that.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
After typing the username, on some Rawhide tests, it's taking
over 30 seconds for the password prompt to appear. This isn't
ideal but we don't want the test to fail on this. Give it up
to 45 seconds.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Wow, so the real way to do config overrides is, uh...obscure.
One file pointing to another file, both with mandatory comment
lines and one with a weird required value. Wat. Anyway, this
works in a VM. I still don't know why the policy for the first
run page isn't working as advertised.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The new way isn't working, so put the old way back but change it
to use user_pref instead of pref to see if that helps, and upload
the files for checking.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Thanks to Mike Kaply in
https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1703903#c18 , this
should avoid Quick Suggest onboarding, "Total Cookie Protection"
onboarding, and future annoying things using the same mechanisms
without using the prefs mechanism or going after each one case
by case.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
I meant to include this in the earlier commit that does the same
for type_very_safely, but forgot.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
I noticed today that we're timing out all the time on these
wait_still_screens in gnome-terminal, because it uses a big
flashing cursor and the similarity between "cursor there" and
"cursor not there" is less than 45 or 42 (it seems to be 38.x).
So let's drop these levels to 38, hopefully that's not too low.
There are probably more places where this is an issue, I'll
change them as I notice them.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
We can't use the default similarity_level for wait_still_screen
when there's a flashing cursor - flashing cursor will always
cause the similarity level to be too low and the wait will just
time out at 30 seconds. Cut it to 42.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
check_desktop tries to catch when the overview is open and close
it. But with GNOME 42, it seems the inactive "Activities" button
is shown briefly on login before GNOME opens the overview. If
check_desktop catches that, it will think the overview isn't
open and it doesn't need to do anything. So if we match on first
cycle through the loop, let's wait_still_screen then match again.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
So these kind of things go through perl *and* bash string
interpretation and the escaping can get pretty wacky. Turns out
we need *eight* slashes here to get four through to bash (which
we need to deal with *sed*'s escaping rules), and it only works
in single quotes for some reason, not double quotes.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
There's a bug in rpm where doing `rpm -q [NVRA]` doesn't work
if the NVRA contains a caret. To make it work you have to add
a literal slash character before the caret character, so we add
a sed command to do that, when we're checking whether packages
from the update actually got installed.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Scratch build because we don't have a single-build update with
the fix, it's likely gonna be included in the 5.24.2 megaupdate.
I don't want to use that whole thing as a workaround, so I did
a 5.24.1 scratch build with the fix instead.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The intent is that if the ps check finds nothing we'll use the
loginctl output, but that doesn't work because script_output
doesn't return the output if the script fails. There's an arg
you can pass to make it do so, but let's just make it always
succeed instead, by adding a ||: to the second grep like we have
for the first.
Also, I noticed this problem because the ps check started not
working on F36 KDE because none of the processes we check for
are shown as running on a tty, so let's add one more that *is*
shown as running on a tty...
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Tests that use Firefox started failing recently because Firefox
grew yet another stupid pop-up thing that *might* show on start
up, this appears to be trying to get you to sign up for a
feature called "quick suggest". After half an hour trawling the
relevant code, this is my best guess as to how to turn it off.
Don't know for sure if it works because the thing doesn't pop
up every time, but it at least doesn't make things worse.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
KDE tests are failing on all F34 updates ATM due to
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2049560 , add the
update to fix it. Also drop 33 from the workarounds hash as it's
EOL.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This PR adds implementations of distribution methods to make them
usable on Fedora. It adds the following methods
* ensure_installed (to install packages)
* become_root (to switch to root account)
* script_sudo (run script with sudo)
* assert_script_sudo (run and assert a sudo script)
It also adds a helper script to the utils.pm
* make_serial_writable
that makes the serial console writable for normal users
and so enables to run commands that check their progress
by sending messages to the serial console. Normally, they
fail, because the messages will not be written their, so
the checking mechanism will never see them.
As of today's Rawhide compose, user accounts added in Rawhide
have admin privs by default. For now we need to handle both
possibilities here (click the box if it's not clicked already);
after F35 EOL we can just drop all handling of that box.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Rawhide had a failure today where the dropdowns moved between
us matching and clicking, so we clicked the wrong one:
https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/1005662
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This fails sometimes just because we're too early, or something.
Also with GNOME Shell 41rc, alt-f1 no longer works to open and
close the overview. super *does* seem to work in KDE these days,
so let's switch from alt-f1 to super everywhere.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
There's a bug in current F35/Rawhide which causes the GOA screen
in g-i-s not to show up. Since failing on that will block a lot
of testing, let's handle it as a soft failure.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Remove a whole chunk of needles that haven't matched for more
than 3 months. Also move a few needles to appropriate locations,
simplify some code chunks that relied on removed needles (if
we're not matching the needles, we don't need those chunks any
more), and drop some other no-longer-needed conditionals for
older releases.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
We can match on apps_menu_button_active before the overview has
totally loaded in, and it seems the alt-f1 press can be dropped
in that case. Add a wait_still_screen to try and avoid that.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This adds a test for fingerprint-based login, as requested by
@benzea in #223. We use the fprintd dummy device to let us
simulate scanning a fingerprint, and check various scenarios
recommended by @benzea.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This systemd update went stable ages ago. But now we need to add
a jpegxl update as a workaround to avoid KDE live build tests
failing on the problematic aom->jpegxl-libs->gimp dependency
chain I identified yesterday. It makes KDE live builds pull in
too many packages and fail because they run out of space.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Make the 'deactivate overview if it's active' thing a bit more
robust by asserting the inactive state after deactivating it,
and add new needles for the new RC (text got a bit brighter).
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Drop Firefox and NSS updates which have been stable for a while,
update the systemd one to the latest which should hopefully
finally workaround the DNS issues.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This reverts commit e23df39ee1,
putting the systemd workaround back in place, now we know how to
avoid the bug it causes. It's going stable tomorrow anyway, but
I want to re-run failed tests with the fix right away. Used the
update ID this time, not the build number.
This will avoid us hitting a crash in systemd during update when
systemd is being updated. That's a real bug and it's good that
it's been caught, but we don't want unrelated updates to fail on
this just because systemd is in the update set.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
It's causing crashes on update. I tried making us do an offline
update in repo_setup, not online, but that's actually quite hard
to implement so I'm not gonna do it on a Friday night. We'll
just live with unreliable _live_build for a bit longer.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
For consistency, let's just return to the desktop right away. We
also need to handle closing the overview before running installer
on live image boot.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
When we right-click then left-click, we should move away from
the menu to avoid actually clicking anything in it.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
It's gone stable, but we haven't had a compose yet. Adding it as
a workaround so I can just revert the workaround for the bug
(see previous commit).
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
desktop_browser fails frequently on F34 KDE due to #1927972. The
new version should avoid that problem, adding it as a workaround
to hopefully make the test more reliable.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Add FEDORA-2021-263244c071 as a workaround to fix FreeIPA tests
on F34. Drop current 32 and 33 workarounds as they're all stable.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
In GNOME 40, the new-user mode of g-i-s is gone and we get the
welcome tour where we would previously have seen that. This
should handle that, I hope. I probably messed up somewhere.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
These two are for a couple of FreeIPA bugs that showed up today
and were worked out with pemensik and mreynolds.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
There's a race issue with just treating it as a next button: it's
not in the same place as a next button. Sometimes in the g-i-s
code we actually get ahead of ourselves and click early, which
isn't really a problem when the buttons are all in the same
place, but if we click "Start Setup" in the middle of transition
to the Privacy screen - as in
https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/745034#step/_graphical_wait_login/4
- the click effectively gets lost. So let's make it its own tag
and have the initial assert look for it too. That way we won't
match on it again in the main loop over "@nexts".
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This sets us up to test the release-blocking aarch64 disk images
(Minimal, Server and Workstation). It also allows for testing
armhfp disk images on aarch64 worker hosts (though my testing of
that isn't going too well so far), and fixes the initial-setup
handling for a change upstream ('use password' is now the default
so we don't need to choose it). We rewire disk image deployment
test loading to work through the generic loader code rather than
using ENTRYPOINT, as it allows us to more gracefully handle
graphical (Workstation) vs. console (Server, Minimal), moving
the code for handling console initial-setup to a helper function
just like the code for gnome-initial-setup and having _console_
wait_login call it when appropriate. We also tweak desktop_vt a
bit because now we need to switch from a console running as test
to a desktop, which breaks the assumption that the highest
numbered session of user test is the desktop...
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
FreeIPA upgrade test is failing because of
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1886205. The test
failing every time is not useful as we know what the issue is,
so add the update as a workaround to avoid it.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Add FEDORA-2020-27f80050a2 as a workaround because without it the
KDE desktop background test fails due to the bug in -6.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
We were using it to checkout a git version of python-fedora to
work around a bug, long ago, but we don't do that any more so
we don't need it.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
openQA sometimes winds up testing an update that doesn't have
any packages for x86_64 (or aarch64). The most common case is
s390utils, which is on the critpath but only has packages for
s390x. I would ideally like to skip scheduling entirely if the
update has no packages for the arch we're scheduling on, but
sadly that involves using the Koji API which is XML-RPC and I
don't really want to deal with that again. This deals with it
at the test level instead, by checking the error message if
`koji download-build` fails and carrying on if it's the "no
packages for this arch" error. That means if the update has no
packages at all for our arch we're not really testing anything,
but that's better than a bunch of false failures, I guess.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Kernel updates for F31 and F32 went stable so they can come out.
mock 2.6 fixes the bug that occurs when /etc/resolv.conf is a
dangling symlink - this breaks the live_build test.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Kernel 5.8.8 broke the installer by changing return codes for
partition operations, these updates are listed as fixing it.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The F32 FreeIPA update that changed the web UI has gone stable
now, so remove it. A pki-core update has just come out that fixes
F32 -> F33 FreeIPA server upgrade test: add this as a workaround
for F33 so that test stops failing on every update.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Previously we were relying on `rpm -q` always outputting the
right package last. We saw some test failures on recent kernel
updates, e.g. https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/658768 ,
which indicate this isn't always the case; there the 'right'
package was second of three for kernel, third of three for
kernel-core and first of three for kernel-modules. So we need to
make it more robust. This uses an additional call:
`rpm -q $pkg --last | head -1` to find the most recent package,
if there are more than one; this should always be the right one,
I hope. Note we cannot just add `--last` to the `rpm -q --qf...`
call because the output when you do that is weird; you get the
output you'd get if you just called `rpm -q --last` first, and
*then* the query-formatted output afterwards (though with the
modified order as expected). There doesn't seem to be any way to
get only the latter.
I also tweaked the log uploading so we always upload the working
logs even when the test passes; it can't hurt anything and it is
sometimes useful to have them.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The FreeIPA UI change that the previous commit adapted to is in
4.8.9. That's stable for Rawhide and F33 already, but still in
testing for F32, and won't go to F31. So we need to make the
change conditional on release number, and we also add the update
to workarounds for F32 so we don't have to do something awkward
while we wait for it to go stable.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
In g-i-s 3.37.91, the first screen has a 'Start Setup' button
rather than a 'Next' button. Easiest thing for us to do here is
just to add a new needle which has the 'next_button' tag even
though it's clearly not a 'Next' button, because then the code
still works :) So do that, but give the file a suggestive name
and explain the situation in a code comment.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
It's failing about one in six tries currently, with Bodhi 5.5 on
the server end: https://github.com/fedora-infra/bodhi/issues/4105
this should work around that.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The ones that were in there are stable now, plus downloading them
is hitting a bug in Bodhi and breaking tests.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This is a bit complex to automate, because we cannot really use
the production Zezere server (provision.fedoraproject.org) as
the test case shows, as we'd have to solve authentication and
we also don't really want to constantly keep registering new
hosts to it that are going to disappear and never be seen again.
So, instead we'll do it by setting up our *own* Zezere, and
provisioning our IoT system in that. We run two tests. The
'ignition' test is the actual IoT 'device'; all it really does
is boot up, sit around, and wait to be provisioned. The 'server'
test first sets up a Zezere server, then logs into it, adds an
ssh key, claims the IoT device, provisions it, and connects to
it to create a special file which tells the 'ignition' test
everything worked and it can close out.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The annoying submenus in the overview app list now scroll right
not down :/ have to adapt this function for that. Had to move
get_release_number earlier because perl ordering.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
See https://pagure.io/background-logo-extension/issue/26 - in
current Rawhide, the search box in the overview is not active
when the overview is opened, so you can't just open the
overview and type, you have to click it first.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This should avoid the bug happening in upgrade tests (I already
built the fix into the base disk image, which should avoid it
happening in other tests).
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
See https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-shell/-/issues/2878 .
GNOME 3.37.2 seems to have a bug with submenus in the app menu;
the first time you open one you can't scroll through it using
the keyboard. On every open after the first it works fine. This
is a quick and dirty workaround - when we're dealing with a
submenu, open it then close it then open it again.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
I started out trying to fix os-release for the recent change to
add "Prerelease" tags to the VERSION and PRETTY_NAME fields, then
things spiralled. It got me thinking about the awkward DEVELOPMENT
variable we use, so I decided to get rid of it and refactor the
few things that use it. I refactored the anaconda prerelease tag
check, and wrote a new giant comment that gives details about
exactly how anaconda decides whether to show those tags, to give
context to our choices about when to expect them. This check now
uses a new LABEL variable the scheduler now sets. I also wound up
creating new UP1REL and UP2REL vars to define the 'source' release
for upgrade tests, separate from CURRREL and PREVREL, which are
now never lies - they really are the current stable and previous
stable release, even for update upgrade tests.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The old code waited after launching the terminal, the new code
doesn't, which led to a 'g' being swallowed in the first command
in https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/592759 .
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This adds a new test that implementsQA:Testcase_desktop_login
on both GNOME and KDE.
While working on this, we realized that the "desktop_clean"
needles were really "app menu" needles, and for KDE, this was
a duplication with the new "system menu" needles, because on KDE
the app menu and the system menu are the same. So I (Adam)
started to de-duplicate that, but also realized that "app menu
button" is a much more accurate name for these needles, so I was
renaming the old desktop_clean needles to app_menu_button. That
led me to the realization that "check_desktop_clean" is itself a
dumb name, because we don't (at least, any more, way back in the
mists of time we may have done) do anything to check that the
desktop is "clean" - we're really just asserting that we're at a
desktop *at all*. While thinking *that* through, I *also* realized
that the whole "open the overview and look for the app grid icon"
workaround it did is no longer necessary, because GNOME doesn't
use a translucent top bar any more. That went away in GNOME 3.32,
which is in Fedora 30, our oldest supported release.
So I threw that away, renamed the function "check_desktop",
cleaned up all the needle naming and tagging, and also added an
app menu needle for GNOME in Japanese because we were missing
one (the Japanese tests have been using the "app grid icon"
workaround the whole time).
FreeIPA F31 -> F32 upgrade test is currently failing because
a new pki-core hit F31 stable but not F32 stable yet. It can't go
backwards on upgrade, that breaks stuff. The F32 update has been
pushed stable but just hasn't made mirrors yet as the last F32
nightly compose failed, so let's add it to the workarounds for
now.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Except one that's pushed stable but hasn't made repos yet (as the
last F32 nightly compose failed).
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This is pending stable, but looks like the update push won't
happen for a few hours, so I'm adding it as a workaround so we
can re-run the tests and get them to pass.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
Otherwise the new cockpit main screen needle match fails, because
'machine' is not on the top part of the screen.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This block is kinda weird, but I don't want to fiddle with it
any more right now. I don't know why we do this check_screen
exactly like this.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
...because it comes out as 'cleqr'. Note, this may be fragile if
we start doing more stuff post-install, but for now I think it's
safe, I don't *think* we should ever hit this after running
`loadkeys us`.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
It seems like the situation where we need to pull an update from
updates-testing into all update tests to work around some known
issue is going to keep happening. So instead of constantly
adding and then entirely removing bespoke lines for each specific
workaround, let's have a permanent mechanism for doing this: a
hash with release numbers as keys, and arrayrefs of update IDs
as values, and a block to call `bodhi updates download` on the
appropriate array for the release under test. This way, to add
or remove a workaround you just update the hash. If we're at a
point where *no* workarounds are needed the %workarounds hash
can be made entirely empty (it must exist, though) and the code
will be a clean no-op.
The actual workaround here pulls in Lmod updates I just sent out
to work around this issue in one of the KDE update tests:
https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/497160#step/base_update_cli/11
there's some code in Lmod that gets sourced in bash profiles
which breaks openQA's `validate_script_output` by blurping two
lines of informational output into the output of the script.
The update backports a change from upstream Lmod master that
sends that informational output to stderr instead of stdout.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
The jss updates all went stable already. Now we have a problem
with SELinux, upower and container-selinux (we need a newer
selinux-policy to avoid upower failures in the services_start
test, but the first attempt to fix it caused the desktop_updates
test to start failing because container-selinux needed adapting
to changes in selinux-policy...let's just pull in the updates
with the latest versions of both to be safe), and one with NSS
that causes Firefox to give false certificate errors sometimes
(this is particularly affecting the FreeIPA browser test). As
usual these should be dropped once the updates go stable.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
On Rawhide Cloud_Base boots, there's some SSH key and network
information printed above the 'login:' prompt, so we can't
expect empty space there. Also tweak console_login() to clear
the screen after logging in, so the login prompt is cleared and
doesn't confuse things on subsequent runs (like it did first
time we tried this). And add a new user logged in needle, as it
seems after we clear the screen the tilde appears in a slightly
different position and the existing needle doesn't match.
https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/489003#step/_console_wait_login/7
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This adds a test for QA:Testcase_Anaconda_User_Interface_VNC -
the VNC install test case. It's implemented as a server/client
pair, with the server booting from the Server DVD image with
`inst.vnc` and the client booting from the desktop base disk
image, setting up networking, then running Boxes to connect to
the server and run the install.
There are various little tweaks to test loading and logic to
handle this, mostly pretty clear. We also move the workaround
for 'spurious auth prompt appears on desktop after you switch
away to a VT and back' out of the desktop update test and into
the `desktop_vt` helper function, since now this test can hit
it as well. We enhance _graphical_wait_login to handle the boot
loader if needed (it has never needed to until now).
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This handles a case where KDE shows a notification saying
'PIM Maintenance (Finished)', like this:
https://openqa.fedoraproject.org/tests/477345#step/desktop_notifications/34
we need to click it away for the desktop_notification test to
pass. It also clarifies the difference between this notification
and the eternal 'akonadi_migration_agent is doing something'
popup in the needle names and comments. It also replaces the
'check_screen then assert_and_click if found' pattern in several
notifications-related places with the better 'check_screen then
click_lastmatch if found' pattern now available upstream.
Signed-off-by: Adam Williamson <awilliam@redhat.com>
This PR adds the following:
* moves out the presetting procedures, so that two long terminal tests do not have
to run twice
* add methods for application to register when successfully started
* adds a test that checks if all required applications have registered
