installupgradeinitrd() (pylorax.ltmpl.LoraxTemplateRunner method)

run_pkg_transaction() (pylorax.ltmpl.LoraxTemplateRunner method)

generate_module_data() (pylorax.treebuilder.RuntimeBuilder method)

#
# base.py
#
# Copyright (C) 2009-2015 Red Hat, Inc.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
# Red Hat Author(s):  Martin Gracik <mgracik@redhat.com>
#

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
import sys

import pylorax.output as output

class BaseLoraxClass(object, metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(self):
        self.output = output.LoraxOutput()

    def pcritical(self, msg, fobj=sys.stdout):
        self.output.critical(msg, fobj)

    def perror(self, msg, fobj=sys.stdout):
        self.output.error(msg, fobj)

    def pwarning(self, msg, fobj=sys.stdout):
        self.output.warning(msg, fobj)

    def pinfo(self, msg, fobj=sys.stdout):
        self.output.info(msg, fobj)

    def pdebug(self, msg, fobj=sys.stdout):
        self.output.debug(msg, fobj)

class DataHolder(dict):

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        dict.__init__(self)

        for attr, value in kwargs.items():
            self[attr] = value

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        return self[attr]

    def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
        self[attr] = value

    def copy(self):
        return DataHolder(**dict.copy(self))

# treebuilder.py - handle arch-specific tree building stuff using templates
#
# Copyright (C) 2011-2015 Red Hat, Inc.
#
#
#
#
# Author(s):  Will Woods <wwoods@redhat.com>

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.treebuilder")

import os, re
from os.path import basename
from shutil import copytree, copy2

from pylorax.sysutils import joinpaths, remove
from pylorax.base import DataHolder
from pylorax.ltmpl import LoraxTemplateRunner
import pylorax.imgutils as imgutils
from pylorax.executils import runcmd, runcmd_output

templatemap = {
    'i386':    'x86.tmpl',
    'x86_64':  'x86.tmpl',
    'ppc':     'ppc.tmpl',
    'ppc64':   'ppc.tmpl',
    'ppc64le': 'ppc64le.tmpl',
    's390':    's390.tmpl',
    's390x':   's390.tmpl',
    'aarch64': 'aarch64.tmpl',
    'arm':     'arm.tmpl',
    'armhfp':  'arm.tmpl',
}

def generate_module_info(moddir, outfile=None):
    def module_desc(mod):
        output = runcmd_output(["modinfo", "-F", "description", mod])
        return output.strip()
    def read_module_set(name):
        return set(l.strip() for l in open(joinpaths(moddir,name)) if ".ko" in l)
    modsets = {'scsi':read_module_set("modules.block"),
               'eth':read_module_set("modules.networking")}

    modinfo = list()
    for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(moddir):
        for modtype, modset in modsets.items():
            for mod in modset.intersection(files):  # modules in this dir
                (name, _ext) = os.path.splitext(mod) # foo.ko -> (foo, .ko)
                desc = module_desc(joinpaths(root,mod)) or "%s driver" % name
                modinfo.append(dict(name=name, type=modtype, desc=desc))

    out = open(outfile or joinpaths(moddir,"module-info"), "w")
    out.write("Version 0\n")
    for mod in sorted(modinfo, key=lambda m: m.get('name')):
        out.write('{name}\n\t{type}\n\t"{desc:.65}"\n'.format(**mod))

class RuntimeBuilder(object):
    '''Builds the anaconda runtime image.'''
    def __init__(self, product, arch, dbo, templatedir=None,
                 installpkgs=None,
                 add_templates=None,
                 add_template_vars=None):
        root = dbo.conf.installroot
        # use a copy of product so we can modify it locally
        product = product.copy()
        product.name = product.name.lower()
        self.vars = DataHolder(arch=arch, product=product, dbo=dbo, root=root,
                               basearch=arch.basearch, libdir=arch.libdir)
        self.dbo = dbo
        self._runner = LoraxTemplateRunner(inroot=root, outroot=root,
                                           dbo=dbo, templatedir=templatedir)
        self.add_templates = add_templates or []
        self.add_template_vars = add_template_vars or {}
        self._installpkgs = installpkgs or []
        self._runner.defaults = self.vars
        self.dbo.reset()

    def _install_branding(self):
        release = None
        q = self.dbo.sack.query()
        a = q.available()
        for pkg in a.filter(provides='/etc/system-release'):
            if pkg.name.startswith('generic'):
                continue
            else:
                release = pkg.name
                break

        if not release:
            logger.error('could not get the release')
            return

        # release
        logger.info('got release: %s', release)
        self._runner.installpkg(release)

        # logos
        release, _suffix = release.split('-', 1)
        self._runner.installpkg('%s-logos' % release)

    def install(self):
        '''Install packages and do initial setup with runtime-install.tmpl'''
        self._install_branding()
        if len(self._installpkgs) > 0:
            self._runner.installpkg(*self._installpkgs)
        self._runner.run("runtime-install.tmpl")
        for tmpl in self.add_templates:
            self._runner.run(tmpl, **self.add_template_vars)

    def writepkglists(self, pkglistdir):
        '''debugging data: write out lists of package contents'''
        if not os.path.isdir(pkglistdir):
            os.makedirs(pkglistdir)
        for pkgobj in q.installed():
            with open(joinpaths(pkglistdir, pkgobj.name), "w") as fobj:
                for fname in pkgobj.files:
                    fobj.write("{0}\n".format(fname))

    def postinstall(self):
        '''Do some post-install setup work with runtime-postinstall.tmpl'''
        # copy configdir into runtime root beforehand
        configdir = joinpaths(self._runner.templatedir,"config_files")
        configdir_path = "tmp/config_files"
        fullpath = joinpaths(self.vars.root, configdir_path)
        if os.path.exists(fullpath):
            remove(fullpath)
        copytree(configdir, fullpath)
        self._runner.run("runtime-postinstall.tmpl", configdir=configdir_path)

    def cleanup(self):
        '''Remove unneeded packages and files with runtime-cleanup.tmpl'''
        self._runner.run("runtime-cleanup.tmpl")

    def writepkgsizes(self, pkgsizefile):
        '''debugging data: write a big list of pkg sizes'''
        fobj = open(pkgsizefile, "w")
        getsize = lambda f: os.lstat(f).st_size if os.path.exists(f) else 0
        for p in sorted(q.installed()):
            pkgsize = sum(getsize(joinpaths(self.vars.root,f)) for f in p.files)
            fobj.write("{0.name}.{0.arch}: {1}\n".format(p, pkgsize))

    def generate_module_data(self):
        root = self.vars.root
        moddir = joinpaths(root, "lib/modules/")
        for kver in os.listdir(moddir):
            ksyms = joinpaths(root, "boot/System.map-%s" % kver)
            logger.info("doing depmod and module-info for %s", kver)
            runcmd(["depmod", "-a", "-F", ksyms, "-b", root, kver])
            generate_module_info(moddir+kver, outfile=moddir+"module-info")

    def create_runtime(self, outfile="/var/tmp/squashfs.img", compression="xz", compressargs=None, size=2):
        # make live rootfs image - must be named "LiveOS/rootfs.img" for dracut
        compressargs = compressargs or []
        workdir = joinpaths(os.path.dirname(outfile), "runtime-workdir")
        os.makedirs(joinpaths(workdir, "LiveOS"))

        imgutils.mkrootfsimg(self.vars.root, joinpaths(workdir, "LiveOS/rootfs.img"),
                             "Anaconda", size=size)

        # squash the live rootfs and clean up workdir
        imgutils.mksquashfs(workdir, outfile, compression, compressargs)
        remove(workdir)

    def finished(self):
        """ Done using RuntimeBuilder

        Close the dnf base object
        """
        self.dbo.close()

class TreeBuilder(object):
    '''Builds the arch-specific boot images.
    inroot should be the installtree root (the newly-built runtime dir)'''
    def __init__(self, product, arch, inroot, outroot, runtime, isolabel, domacboot=True, doupgrade=True, templatedir=None, add_templates=None, add_template_vars=None, workdir=None):

        # NOTE: if you pass an arg named "runtime" to a mako template it'll
        # clobber some mako internal variables - hence "runtime_img".
        self.vars = DataHolder(arch=arch, product=product, runtime_img=runtime,
                               runtime_base=basename(runtime),
                               inroot=inroot, outroot=outroot,
                               basearch=arch.basearch, libdir=arch.libdir,
                               isolabel=isolabel, udev=udev_escape, domacboot=domacboot, doupgrade=doupgrade,
                               workdir=workdir, lower=string_lower)
        self._runner = LoraxTemplateRunner(inroot, outroot, templatedir=templatedir)
        self.templatedir = templatedir
        self.treeinfo_data = None

    @property
    def kernels(self):
        return findkernels(root=self.vars.inroot)

    def rebuild_initrds(self, add_args=None, backup="", prefix=""):
        '''Rebuild all the initrds in the tree. If backup is specified, each
        initrd will be renamed with backup as a suffix before rebuilding.
        If backup is empty, the existing initrd files will be overwritten.
        If suffix is specified, the existing initrd is untouched and a new
        image is built with the filename "${prefix}-${kernel.version}.img"
        '''
        add_args = add_args or []
        dracut = ["dracut", "--nomdadmconf", "--nolvmconf"] + add_args
        if not backup:
            dracut.append("--force")

        kernels = [kernel for kernel in self.kernels if hasattr(kernel, "initrd")]
        if not kernels:
            raise Exception("No initrds found, cannot rebuild_initrds")

        # Hush some dracut warnings. TODO: bind-mount proc in place?
        open(joinpaths(self.vars.inroot,"/proc/modules"),"w")
        for kernel in kernels:
            if prefix:
                idir = os.path.dirname(kernel.initrd.path)
                outfile = joinpaths(idir, prefix+'-'+kernel.version+'.img')
            else:
                outfile = kernel.initrd.path
            logger.info("rebuilding %s", outfile)
            if backup:
                initrd = joinpaths(self.vars.inroot, outfile)
                os.rename(initrd, initrd + backup)
            cmd = dracut + [outfile, kernel.version]
            runcmd(cmd, root=self.vars.inroot)

            # ppc64 cannot boot images > 32MiB, check size and warn
            if self.vars.arch.basearch in ("ppc64", "ppc64le") and os.path.exists(outfile):
                st = os.stat(outfile)
                if st.st_size > 32 * 1024 * 1024:
                    logging.warning("ppc64 initrd %s is > 32MiB", outfile)

        os.unlink(joinpaths(self.vars.inroot,"/proc/modules"))

    def build(self):
        templatefile = templatemap[self.vars.arch.basearch]
        self._runner.run(templatefile, kernels=self.kernels)
        self.treeinfo_data = self._runner.results.treeinfo
        self.implantisomd5()

    def implantisomd5(self):
        for _section, data in self.treeinfo_data.items():
            if 'boot.iso' in data:
                iso = joinpaths(self.vars.outroot, data['boot.iso'])
                runcmd(["implantisomd5", iso])

    @property
    def dracut_hooks_path(self):
        """ Return the path to the lorax dracut hooks scripts

            Use the configured share dir if it is setup,
            otherwise default to /usr/share/lorax/dracut_hooks
        """
        if self.templatedir:
            return joinpaths(self.templatedir, "dracut_hooks")
        else:
            return "/usr/share/lorax/dracut_hooks"

    def copy_dracut_hooks(self, hooks):
        """ Copy the hook scripts in hooks into the installroot's /tmp/
        and return a list of commands to pass to dracut when creating the
        initramfs

        hooks is a list of tuples with the name of the hook script and the
        target dracut hook directory
        (eg. [("99anaconda-copy-ks.sh", "/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-pivot")])
        """
        dracut_commands = []
        for hook_script, dracut_path in hooks:
            src = joinpaths(self.dracut_hooks_path, hook_script)
            if not os.path.exists(src):
                logger.error("Missing lorax dracut hook script %s", (src))
                continue
            dst = joinpaths(self.vars.inroot, "/tmp/", hook_script)
            copy2(src, dst)
            dracut_commands += ["--include", joinpaths("/tmp/", hook_script),
                                dracut_path]
        return dracut_commands

#### TreeBuilder helper functions

def findkernels(root="/", kdir="boot"):
    # To find possible flavors, awk '/BuildKernel/ { print $4 }' kernel.spec
    flavors = ('debug', 'PAE', 'PAEdebug', 'smp', 'xen', 'lpae')
    kre = re.compile(r"vmlinuz-(?P<version>.+?\.(?P<arch>[a-z0-9_]+)"
                     r"(.(?P<flavor>{0}))?)$".format("|".join(flavors)))
    kernels = []
    bootfiles = os.listdir(joinpaths(root, kdir))
    for f in bootfiles:
        match = kre.match(f)
        if match:
            kernel = DataHolder(path=joinpaths(kdir, f))
            kernel.update(match.groupdict()) # sets version, arch, flavor
            kernels.append(kernel)

    # look for associated initrd/initramfs/etc.
    for kernel in kernels:
        for f in bootfiles:
            if f.endswith('-'+kernel.version+'.img'):
                imgtype, _rest = f.split('-',1)
                # special backwards-compat case
                if imgtype == 'initramfs':
                    imgtype = 'initrd'
                kernel[imgtype] = DataHolder(path=joinpaths(kdir, f))

    logger.debug("kernels=%s", kernels)
    return kernels

# udev whitelist: 'a-zA-Z0-9#+.:=@_-' (see is_whitelisted in libudev-util.c)
udev_blacklist=' !"$%&\'()*,/;<>?[\\]^`{|}~' # ASCII printable, minus whitelist
udev_blacklist += ''.join(chr(i) for i in range(32)) # ASCII non-printable
def udev_escape(label):
    out = ''
    for ch in label:
        out += ch if ch not in udev_blacklist else '\\x%02x' % ord(ch)
    return out

def string_lower(string):
    """ Return a lowercase string.

    :param string: String to lowercase

    This is used as a filter in the templates.
    """
    return string.lower()

#
# buildstamp.py
#
# Copyright (C) 2010-2015 Red Hat, Inc.
#
#
#
#
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.buildstamp")

import datetime

class BuildStamp(object):

    def __init__(self, product, version, bugurl, isfinal, buildarch):
        self.product = product
        self.version = version
        self.bugurl = bugurl
        self.isfinal = isfinal

        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        now = now.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M")
        self.uuid = "{0}.{1}".format(now, buildarch)

    def write(self, outfile):
        # get lorax version
        try:
            import pylorax.version
        except ImportError:
            vernum = "devel"
        else:
            vernum = pylorax.version.num

        logger.info("writing .buildstamp file")
        with open(outfile, "w") as fobj:
            fobj.write("[Main]\n")
            fobj.write("Product={0.product}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("Version={0.version}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("BugURL={0.bugurl}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("IsFinal={0.isfinal}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("UUID={0.uuid}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("[Compose]\n")
            fobj.write("Lorax={0}\n".format(vernum))

#
# ltmpl.py
#
# Copyright (C) 2009-2015  Red Hat, Inc.
#
#
#
#
#                     Will Woods <wwoods@redhat.com>
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.ltmpl")

import os, re, glob, shlex, fnmatch
from os.path import basename, isdir
from subprocess import CalledProcessError

from pylorax.sysutils import joinpaths, cpfile, mvfile, replace, remove
from pylorax.dnfhelper import LoraxDownloadCallback, LoraxRpmCallback
from pylorax.imgutils import mkcpio

from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
from mako.exceptions import text_error_template
import sys, traceback
import struct
import dnf
import multiprocessing
import queue
import collections

class LoraxTemplate(object):
    def __init__(self, directories=None):
        directories = directories or ["/usr/share/lorax"]
        # we have to add ["/"] to the template lookup directories or the
        # file includes won't work properly for absolute paths
        self.directories = ["/"] + directories

    def parse(self, template_file, variables):
        lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.directories)
        template = lookup.get_template(template_file)

        try:
            textbuf = template.render(**variables)
        except:
            logger.error("Problem rendering %s (%s):", template_file, variables)
            logger.error(text_error_template().render())
            raise

        # split, strip and remove empty lines
        lines = textbuf.splitlines()
        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
        lines = [line for line in lines if line]

        # remove comments
        lines = [line for line in lines if not line.startswith("#")]

        # split with shlex and perform brace expansion
        lines = [split_and_expand(line) for line in lines]

        return lines

def split_and_expand(line):
    return [exp for word in shlex.split(line) for exp in brace_expand(word)]

def brace_expand(s):
    if not ('{' in s and ',' in s and '}' in s):
        yield s
    else:
        right = s.find('}')
        left = s[:right].rfind('{')
        (prefix, choices, suffix) = (s[:left], s[left+1:right], s[right+1:])
        for choice in choices.split(','):
            for alt in brace_expand(prefix+choice+suffix):
                yield alt

def rglob(pathname, root="/", fatal=False):
    seen = set()
    rootlen = len(root)+1
    for f in glob.iglob(joinpaths(root, pathname)):
        if f not in seen:
            seen.add(f)
            yield f[rootlen:] # remove the root to produce relative path
    if fatal and not seen:
        raise IOError("nothing matching %s in %s" % (pathname, root))

def rexists(pathname, root=""):
    # Generator is always True, even with no values;
    # bool(rglob(...)) won't work here.
    for _path in rglob(pathname, root):
        return True
    return False

# TODO: operate inside an actual chroot for safety? Not that RPM bothers..
class LoraxTemplateRunner(object):
    '''
    This class parses and executes Lorax templates. Sample usage:

      # install a bunch of packages
      runner = LoraxTemplateRunner(inroot=rundir, outroot=rundir, dbo=dnf_obj)
      runner.run("install-packages.ltmpl")

      # modify a runtime dir
      runner = LoraxTemplateRunner(inroot=rundir, outroot=newrun)
      runner.run("runtime-transmogrify.ltmpl")

    NOTES:

    * Parsing procedure is roughly:
      1. Mako template expansion (on the whole file)
      2. For each line of the result,
        a. Whitespace splitting (using shlex.split())
        b. Brace expansion (using brace_expand())
        c. If the first token is the name of a function, call that function
           with the rest of the line as arguments

    * Parsing and execution are *separate* passes - so you can't use the result
      of a command in an %if statement (or any other control statements)!

    * Commands that run external programs (systemctl, gconfset) currently use
      the *host*'s copy of that program, which may cause problems if there's a
      big enough difference between the host and the image you're modifying.

    * The commands are not executed under a real chroot, so absolute symlinks
      will point *outside* the inroot/outroot. Be careful with symlinks!

    ADDING NEW COMMANDS:

    * Each template command is just a method of the LoraxTemplateRunner
      object - so adding a new command is as easy as adding a new function.

    * Each function gets arguments that correspond to the rest of the tokens
      on that line (after word splitting and brace expansion)

    * Commands should raise exceptions for errors - don't use sys.exit()
    '''
    def __init__(self, inroot, outroot, dbo=None, fatalerrors=True,
                                        templatedir=None, defaults=None):
        self.inroot = inroot
        self.outroot = outroot
        self.fatalerrors = fatalerrors
        self.templatedir = templatedir or "/usr/share/lorax"
        self.templatefile = None
        # some builtin methods
        self.builtins = DataHolder(exists=lambda p: rexists(p, root=inroot),
                                   glob=lambda g: list(rglob(g, root=inroot)))
        self.defaults = defaults or {}
        self.results = DataHolder(treeinfo=dict()) # just treeinfo for now
        # TODO: set up custom logger with a filter to add line info

    def _out(self, path):
        return joinpaths(self.outroot, path)
    def _in(self, path):
        return joinpaths(self.inroot, path)

    def _filelist(self, *pkgs):
        """ Return the list of files in the packages """
        pkglist = []
        for pkg_glob in pkgs:
            pkglist += list(self.dbo.sack.query().installed().filter(name__glob=pkg_glob))

        # dnf/hawkey doesn't make any distinction between file, dir or ghost like yum did
        # so only return the files.
        return set(f for pkg in pkglist for f in pkg.files if not os.path.isdir(self._out(f)))

    def _getsize(self, *files):
        return sum(os.path.getsize(self._out(f)) for f in files if os.path.isfile(self._out(f)))

    def run(self, templatefile, **variables):
        for k,v in list(self.defaults.items()) + list(self.builtins.items()):
            variables.setdefault(k,v)
        logger.debug("executing %s with variables=%s", templatefile, variables)
        self.templatefile = templatefile
        t = LoraxTemplate(directories=[self.templatedir])
        commands = t.parse(templatefile, variables)
        self._run(commands)

    def _run(self, parsed_template):
        logger.info("running %s", self.templatefile)
        for (num, line) in enumerate(parsed_template,1):
            logger.debug("template line %i: %s", num, " ".join(line))
            skiperror = False
            (cmd, args) = (line[0], line[1:])
            # Following Makefile convention, if the command is prefixed with
            # a dash ('-'), we'll ignore any errors on that line.
            if cmd.startswith('-'):
                cmd = cmd[1:]
                skiperror = True
            try:
                # grab the method named in cmd and pass it the given arguments
                f = getattr(self, cmd, None)
                if cmd[0] == '_' or cmd == 'run' or not isinstance(f, collections.Callable):
                    raise ValueError("unknown command %s" % cmd)
                f(*args)
            except Exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except
                if skiperror:
                    logger.debug("ignoring error")
                    continue
                logger.error("template command error in %s:", self.templatefile)
                logger.error("  %s", " ".join(line))
                # format the exception traceback
                exclines = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
                # skip the bit about "ltmpl.py, in _run()" - we know that
                exclines.pop(1)
                # log the "ErrorType: this is what happened" line
                logger.error("  " + exclines[-1].strip())
                # and log the entire traceback to the debug log
                for line in ''.join(exclines).splitlines():
                    logger.debug("  " + line)
                if self.fatalerrors:
                    raise

    def install(self, srcglob, dest):
        '''
        install SRC DEST
          Copy the given file (or files, if a glob is used) from the input
          tree to the given destination in the output tree.
          The path to DEST must exist in the output tree.
          If DEST is a directory, SRC will be copied into that directory.
          If DEST doesn't exist, SRC will be copied to a file with that name,
          assuming the rest of the path exists.
          This is pretty much like how the 'cp' command works.
          Examples:
            install usr/share/myconfig/grub.conf /boot
            install /usr/share/myconfig/grub.conf.in /boot/grub.conf
        '''
        for src in rglob(self._in(srcglob), fatal=True):
            cpfile(src, self._out(dest))

    def installimg(self, srcdir, destfile):
        '''
        installimg SRCDIR DESTFILE
          Create a compressed cpio archive of the contents of SRCDIR and place
          it in DESTFILE.

          If SRCDIR doesn't exist or is empty nothing is created.

          Examples:
            installimg ${LORAXDIR}/product/ images/product.img
            installimg ${LORAXDIR}/updates/ images/updates.img
        '''
        if not os.path.isdir(self._in(srcdir)) or not os.listdir(self._in(srcdir)):
            return
        logger.info("Creating image file %s from contents of %s", self._out(destfile), self._in(srcdir))
        mkcpio(self._in(srcdir), self._out(destfile))

    def mkdir(self, *dirs):
        '''
        mkdir DIR [DIR ...]
          Create the named DIR(s). Will create leading directories as needed.
          Example:
            mkdir /images
        '''
        for d in dirs:
            d = self._out(d)
            if not isdir(d):
                os.makedirs(d)

    def replace(self, pat, repl, *fileglobs):
        '''
        replace PATTERN REPLACEMENT FILEGLOB [FILEGLOB ...]
          Find-and-replace the given PATTERN (Python-style regex) with the given
          REPLACEMENT string for each of the files listed.
          Example:
            replace @VERSION@ ${product.version} /boot/grub.conf /boot/isolinux.cfg
        '''
        match = False
        for g in fileglobs:
            for f in rglob(self._out(g)):
                match = True
                replace(f, pat, repl)
        if not match:
            raise IOError("no files matched %s" % " ".join(fileglobs))

    def append(self, filename, data):
        '''
        append FILE STRING
          Append STRING (followed by a newline character) to FILE.
          Python character escape sequences ('\\n', '\\t', etc.) will be
          converted to the appropriate characters.
          Examples:
            append /etc/depmod.d/dd.conf "search updates built-in"
            append /etc/resolv.conf ""
        '''
        with open(self._out(filename), "a") as fobj:
            fobj.write(bytes(data, "utf8").decode('unicode_escape')+"\n")

    def treeinfo(self, section, key, *valuetoks):
        '''
        treeinfo SECTION KEY ARG [ARG ...]
          Add an item to the treeinfo data store.
          The given SECTION will have a new item added where
          KEY = ARG ARG ...
          Example:
            treeinfo images-${kernel.arch} boot.iso images/boot.iso
        '''
        if section not in self.results.treeinfo:
            self.results.treeinfo[section] = dict()
        self.results.treeinfo[section][key] = " ".join(valuetoks)

    def installkernel(self, section, src, dest):
        '''
        installkernel SECTION SRC DEST
          Install the kernel from SRC in the input tree to DEST in the output
          tree, and then add an item to the treeinfo data store, in the named
          SECTION, where "kernel" = DEST.

          Equivalent to:
            install SRC DEST
            treeinfo SECTION kernel DEST
        '''
        self.install(src, dest)
        self.treeinfo(section, "kernel", dest)

    def installinitrd(self, section, src, dest):
        '''
        installinitrd SECTION SRC DEST
          Same as installkernel, but for "initrd".
        '''
        self.chmod(dest, '644')
        self.treeinfo(section, "initrd", dest)

    def installupgradeinitrd(self, section, src, dest):
        '''
        installupgradeinitrd SECTION SRC DEST
          Same as installkernel, but for "upgrade".
        '''
        self.treeinfo(section, "upgrade", dest)

    def hardlink(self, src, dest):
        '''
        hardlink SRC DEST
          Create a hardlink at DEST which is linked to SRC.
        '''
        if isdir(self._out(dest)):
            dest = joinpaths(dest, basename(src))
        os.link(self._out(src), self._out(dest))

    def symlink(self, target, dest):
        '''
        symlink SRC DEST
          Create a symlink at DEST which points to SRC.
        '''
        if rexists(self._out(dest)):
            self.remove(dest)
        os.symlink(target, self._out(dest))

    def copy(self, src, dest):
        '''
        copy SRC DEST
          Copy SRC to DEST.
          If DEST is a directory, SRC will be copied inside it.
          If DEST doesn't exist, SRC will be copied to a file with
          that name, if the path leading to it exists.
        '''
        cpfile(self._out(src), self._out(dest))

    def move(self, src, dest):
        '''
        move SRC DEST
          Move SRC to DEST.
        '''
        mvfile(self._out(src), self._out(dest))

    def remove(self, *fileglobs):
        '''
        remove FILEGLOB [FILEGLOB ...]
          Remove all the named files or directories.
          Will *not* raise exceptions if the file(s) are not found.
        '''
                remove(f)
                logger.debug("removed %s", f)

    def chmod(self, fileglob, mode):
        '''
        chmod FILEGLOB OCTALMODE
          Change the mode of all the files matching FILEGLOB to OCTALMODE.
        '''
        for f in rglob(self._out(fileglob), fatal=True):
            os.chmod(f, int(mode,8))

    # TODO: do we need a new command for gsettings?
    def gconfset(self, path, keytype, value, outfile=None):
        '''
        gconfset PATH KEYTYPE VALUE [OUTFILE]
          Set the given gconf PATH, with type KEYTYPE, to the given value.
          OUTFILE defaults to /etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults if not given.
          Example:
            gconfset /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces int 1
        '''
        if outfile is None:
            outfile = self._out("etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults")
        cmd = ["gconftool-2", "--direct",
                    "--config-source=xml:readwrite:%s" % outfile,
                    "--set", "--type", keytype, path, value]
        runcmd(cmd)

    def log(self, msg):
        '''
        log MESSAGE
          Emit the given log message. Be sure to put it in quotes!
          Example:
            log "Reticulating splines, please wait..."
        '''
        logger.info(msg)

    # TODO: add ssh-keygen, mkisofs(?), find, and other useful commands
    def runcmd(self, *cmdlist):
        '''
        runcmd CMD [ARG ...]
          Run the given command with the given arguments.

          NOTE: All paths given MUST be COMPLETE, ABSOLUTE PATHS to the file
          or files mentioned. ${root}/${inroot}/${outroot} are good for
          constructing these paths.

          FURTHER NOTE: Please use this command only as a last resort!
          Whenever possible, you should use the existing template commands.
          If the existing commands don't do what you need, fix them!

          Examples:
            (this should be replaced with a "find" function)
            runcmd find ${root} -name "*.pyo" -type f -delete
            %for f in find(root, name="*.pyo"):
                remove ${f}
            %endfor
        '''
        cmd = cmdlist
        logger.debug('running command: %s', cmd)
        if cmd[0].startswith("--chdir="):
            logger.error("--chdir is no longer supported for runcmd.")
            raise ValueError("--chdir is no longer supported for runcmd.")

        try:
            stdout = runcmd_output(cmd)
            if stdout:
                logger.debug('command output:\n%s', stdout)
            logger.debug("command finished successfully")
        except CalledProcessError as e:
            if e.output:
                logger.debug('command output:\n%s', e.output)
            logger.debug('command returned failure (%d)', e.returncode)
            raise

    def installpkg(self, *pkgs):
        '''
        installpkg [--required] PKGGLOB [PKGGLOB ...]
          Request installation of all packages matching the given globs.
          Note that this is just a *request* - nothing is *actually* installed
          until the 'run_pkg_transaction' command is given.
        '''
        required = False
        if pkgs[0] == '--required':
            pkgs = pkgs[1:]
            required = True

        for p in pkgs:
            try:
                self.dbo.install(p)
            except Exception as e: # pylint: disable=broad-except
                # FIXME: save exception and re-raise after the loop finishes
                logger.error("installpkg %s failed: %s", p, str(e))
                if required:
                    raise

    def removepkg(self, *pkgs):
        '''
        removepkg PKGGLOB [PKGGLOB...]
          Delete the named package(s).
          IMPLEMENTATION NOTES:
            RPM scriptlets (%preun/%postun) are *not* run.
            Files are deleted, but directories are left behind.
        '''
            filepaths = [f.lstrip('/') for f in self._filelist(p)]
            # TODO: also remove directories that aren't owned by anything else
            if filepaths:
                logger.debug("removepkg %s: %ikb", p, self._getsize(*filepaths)/1024)
                self.remove(*filepaths)
            else:
                logger.debug("removepkg %s: no files to remove!", p)

    def get_token_checked(self, process, token_queue):
        """Try to get token from queue checking that process is still alive"""

        try:
            # wait at most a minute for the token
            (token, msg) = token_queue.get(timeout=60)
        except queue.Empty:
            if process.is_alive():
                try:
                    # process still alive, give it 2 minutes more
                    (token, msg) = token_queue.get(timeout=120)
                except queue.Empty:
                    # waited for 3 minutes and got nothing
                    raise Exception("The transaction process got stuck somewhere (no message from it in 3 minutes)")
            else:
                raise Exception("The transaction process has ended abruptly")

        return (token, msg)

    def run_pkg_transaction(self):
        '''
        run_pkg_transaction
          Actually install all the packages requested by previous 'installpkg'
          commands.
        '''

        def do_transaction(base, token_queue):
            try:
                display = LoraxRpmCallback(token_queue)
                base.do_transaction(display=display)
            except BaseException as e:
                logger.error("The transaction process has ended abruptly: %s", e)
                token_queue.put(('quit', str(e)))

        try:
            logger.info("Checking dependencies")
            self.dbo.resolve()
        except dnf.exceptions.DepsolveError as e:
            logger.error("Dependency check failed: %s", e)
            raise
        logger.info("%d packages selected", len(self.dbo.transaction))
        if len(self.dbo.transaction) == 0:
            raise Exception("No packages in transaction")

        pkgs_to_download = self.dbo.transaction.install_set
        logger.info("Downloading packages")
        progress = LoraxDownloadCallback()
        try:
            self.dbo.download_packages(pkgs_to_download, progress)
        except dnf.exceptions.DownloadError as e:
            logger.error("Failed to download the following packages: %s", e)
            raise

        logger.info("Preparing transaction from installation source")
        token_queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
        msgout = output.LoraxOutput()
        process = multiprocessing.Process(target=do_transaction, args=(self.dbo, token_queue))
        process.start()
        (token, msg) = self.get_token_checked(process, token_queue)

        while token not in ('post', 'quit'):
            if token == 'install':
                logging.info("%s", msg)
                msgout.writeline(msg)
            (token, msg) = self.get_token_checked(process, token_queue)

        if token == 'quit':
            logger.error("Transaction failed.")
            raise Exception("Transaction failed")

        logger.info("Performing post-installation setup tasks")
        process.join()

        # Reset the package sack to pick up the installed packages
        self.dbo.reset(repos=False)
        self.dbo.fill_sack(load_system_repo=True, load_available_repos=False)

        # At this point dnf should know about the installed files. Double check that it really does.
        if len(self._filelist("anaconda-core")) == 0:
            raise Exception("Failed to reset dbo to installed package set")

    def removefrom(self, pkg, *globs):
        '''
        removefrom PKGGLOB [--allbut] FILEGLOB [FILEGLOB...]
          Remove all files matching the given file globs from the package
          (or packages) named.
          If '--allbut' is used, all the files from the given package(s) will
          be removed *except* the ones which match the file globs.
          Examples:
            removefrom usbutils /usr/bin/*
            removefrom xfsprogs --allbut /sbin/*
        '''
        cmd = "%s %s" % (pkg, " ".join(globs)) # save for later logging
        keepmatches = False
        if globs[0] == '--allbut':
            keepmatches = True
            globs = globs[1:]
        # get pkg filelist and find files that match the globs
        filelist = self._filelist(pkg)
        matches = set()
        for g in globs:
            globs_re = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(g))
            m = [f for f in filelist if globs_re.match(f)]
            if m:
                matches.update(m)
            else:
                logger.debug("removefrom %s %s: no files matched!", pkg, g)
        # are we removing the matches, or keeping only the matches?
        if keepmatches:
            remove_files = filelist.difference(matches)
        else:
            remove_files = matches
        # remove the files
        if remove_files:
            logger.debug("removefrom %s: removed %i/%i files, %ikb/%ikb", cmd,
                             len(remove_files), len(filelist),
                             self._getsize(*remove_files)/1024, self._getsize(*filelist)/1024)
            self.remove(*remove_files)
        else:
            logger.debug("removefrom %s: no files to remove!", cmd)

    def removekmod(self, *globs):
        '''
        removekmod GLOB [GLOB...] [--allbut] KEEPGLOB [KEEPGLOB...]
          Remove all files and directories matching the given file globs from the kernel
          modules directory.

          If '--allbut' is used, all the files from the modules will be removed *except*
          the ones which match the file globs. There must be at least one initial GLOB
          to search and one KEEPGLOB to keep. The KEEPGLOB is expanded to be *KEEPGLOB*
          so that it will match anywhere in the path.

          This only removes files from under /lib/modules/*/kernel/

          Examples:
            removekmod sound drivers/media drivers/hwmon drivers/video
            removekmod drivers/char --allbut virtio_console hw_random
        '''
        cmd = " ".join(globs)
        if "--allbut" in globs:
            idx = globs.index("--allbut")
            if idx == 0:
                raise ValueError("removekmod needs at least one GLOB before --allbut")

            # Apply keepglobs anywhere they appear in the path
            keepglobs = globs[idx+1:]
            if len(keepglobs) == 0:
                raise ValueError("removekmod needs at least one GLOB after --allbut")

            globs = globs[:idx]
        else:
            # Nothing to keep
            keepglobs = []

        filelist = set()
            for top_dir in rglob(self._out("/lib/modules/*/kernel/"+g)):
                for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(top_dir):
                    filelist.update(root+"/"+f for f in files)

        # Remove anything matching keepglobs from the list
        for g in keepglobs:
            globs_re = re.compile(fnmatch.translate("*"+g+"*"))
            if m:
            else:
                logger.debug("removekmod %s: no files matched!", g)
        remove_files = filelist.difference(matches)

            logger.debug("removekmod: removing %d files", len(remove_files))
            list(remove(f) for f in remove_files)
        else:
            logger.debug("removekmod %s: no files to remove!", cmd)

    def createaddrsize(self, addr, src, dest):
        '''
        createaddrsize INITRD_ADDRESS INITRD ADDRSIZE
          Create the initrd.addrsize file required in LPAR boot process.
          Examples:
            createaddrsize ${INITRD_ADDRESS} ${outroot}/${BOOTDIR}/initrd.img ${outroot}/${BOOTDIR}/initrd.addrsize
        '''
        addrsize = open(dest, "wb")
        addrsize_data = struct.pack(">iiii", 0, int(addr, 16), 0, os.stat(src).st_size)
        addrsize.write(addrsize_data)
        addrsize.close()

    def systemctl(self, cmd, *units):
        '''
        systemctl [enable|disable|mask] UNIT [UNIT...]
          Enable, disable, or mask the given systemd units.
          Examples:
            systemctl disable lvm2-monitor.service
            systemctl mask fedora-storage-init.service fedora-configure.service
        '''
        if cmd not in ('enable', 'disable', 'mask'):
            raise ValueError('unsupported systemctl cmd: %s' % cmd)
        if not units:
            logger.debug("systemctl: no units given for %s, ignoring", cmd)
            return
        self.mkdir("/run/systemd/system") # XXX workaround for systemctl bug
        systemctl = ('systemctl', '--root', self.outroot, '--no-reload',
                     '--quiet', cmd)
        # XXX for some reason 'systemctl enable/disable' always returns 1
        try:
            cmd = systemctl + units
            runcmd(cmd)
        except CalledProcessError:
            pass

#
# sysutils.py
#
#
#
#
#
#

__all__ = ["joinpaths", "touch", "replace", "chown_", "chmod_", "remove",
           "linktree"]

import sys
import os
import re
import fileinput
import pwd
import grp
import glob
import shutil

from pylorax.executils import runcmd

def joinpaths(*args, **kwargs):
    path = os.path.sep.join(args)

    if kwargs.get("follow_symlinks"):
        return os.path.realpath(path)
    else:
        return path

def touch(fname):
    open(fname, "w")

def replace(fname, find, sub):
    fin = fileinput.input(fname, inplace=1)
    pattern = re.compile(find)

    for line in fin:
        line = pattern.sub(sub, line)
        sys.stdout.write(line)

    fin.close()

def chown_(path, user=None, group=None, recursive=False):
    uid = gid = -1

    if user is not None:
        uid = pwd.getpwnam(user)[2]
    if group is not None:
        gid = grp.getgrnam(group)[2]

    for fname in glob.iglob(path):
        os.chown(fname, uid, gid)

        if recursive and os.path.isdir(fname):
            for nested in os.listdir(fname):
                nested = joinpaths(fname, nested)
                chown_(nested, user, group, recursive)

def chmod_(path, mode, recursive=False):
        os.chmod(fname, mode)

                chmod_(nested, mode, recursive)

def cpfile(src, dst):
    shutil.copy2(src, dst)
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = joinpaths(dst, os.path.basename(src))

    return dst

def mvfile(src, dst):
    os.rename(src, dst)
    return dst

def remove(target):
    if os.path.isdir(target) and not os.path.islink(target):
        shutil.rmtree(target)
    else:
        os.unlink(target)

def linktree(src, dst):
    runcmd(["/bin/cp", "-alx", src, dst])

# imgutils.py - utility functions/classes for building disk images
#
#
#
#
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.imgutils")

import os, tempfile
from os.path import join, dirname
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, CalledProcessError
import sys
import traceback
from time import sleep

from pylorax.sysutils import cpfile
from pylorax.executils import execWithRedirect, execWithCapture

######## Functions for making container images (cpio, tar, squashfs) ##########

def compress(command, rootdir, outfile, compression="xz", compressargs=None):
    '''Make a compressed archive of the given rootdir.
    command is a list of the archiver commands to run
    compression should be "xz", "gzip", "lzma", "bzip2", or None.
    compressargs will be used on the compression commandline.'''
    if compression not in (None, "xz", "gzip", "lzma", "bzip2"):
        raise ValueError("Unknown compression type %s" % compression)
    compressargs = compressargs or ["-9"]
    if compression == "xz":
        compressargs.insert(0, "--check=crc32")
    if compression is None:
        compression = "cat" # this is a little silly
        compressargs = []

    # make compression run with multiple threads if possible
    if compression in ("xz", "lzma"):
        compressargs.insert(0, "-T%d" % multiprocessing.cpu_count())
    elif compression == "gzip":
        compression = "pigz"
        compressargs.insert(0, "-p%d" % multiprocessing.cpu_count())
    elif compression == "bzip2":
        compression = "pbzip2"

    logger.debug("find %s -print0 |%s | %s %s > %s", rootdir, " ".join(command),
                 compression, " ".join(compressargs), outfile)
    find, archive, comp = None, None, None
    try:
        find = Popen(["find", ".", "-print0"], stdout=PIPE, cwd=rootdir)
        archive = Popen(command, stdin=find.stdout, stdout=PIPE, cwd=rootdir)
        comp = Popen([compression] + compressargs,
                     stdin=archive.stdout, stdout=open(outfile, "wb"))
        comp.wait()
        return comp.returncode
    except OSError as e:
        logger.error(e)
        # Kill off any hanging processes
        list(p.kill() for p in (find, archive, comp) if p)
        return 1

def mkcpio(rootdir, outfile, compression="xz", compressargs=None):
    return compress(["cpio", "--null", "--quiet", "-H", "newc", "-o"],
                    rootdir, outfile, compression, compressargs)

def mktar(rootdir, outfile, compression="xz", compressargs=None):
    return compress(["tar", "--no-recursion", "--selinux", "--acls", "--xattrs", "-cf-", "--null", "-T-"],

def mksquashfs(rootdir, outfile, compression="default", compressargs=None):
    '''Make a squashfs image containing the given rootdir.'''
    compressargs = compressargs or []
    if compression != "default":
        compressargs = ["-comp", compression] + compressargs
    return execWithRedirect("mksquashfs", [rootdir, outfile] + compressargs)

def mkrootfsimg(rootdir, outfile, label, size=2, sysroot=""):
    """
    Make rootfs image from a directory

    :param str rootdir: Root directory
    :param str outfile: Path of output image file
    :param str label: Filesystem label
    :param int size: Size of the image in GiB, if None computed automatically
    :param str sysroot: path to system (deployment) root relative to physical root
    """
    if size:
        fssize = size * (1024*1024*1024) # 2GB sparse file compresses down to nothin'
    else:
        fssize = None       # Let mkext4img figure out the needed size

    mkext4img(rootdir, outfile, label=label, size=fssize)
    # Reset selinux context on new rootfs
    with LoopDev(outfile) as loopdev:
        with Mount(loopdev) as mnt:
            cmd = [ "setfiles", "-e", "/proc", "-e", "/sys", "-e", "/dev", "-e", "/install",
                    "/etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts", "/"]
            root = join(mnt, sysroot.lstrip("/"))
            runcmd(cmd, root=root)

######## Utility functions ###############################################

def mksparse(outfile, size):
    '''use os.ftruncate to create a sparse file of the given size.'''
    fobj = open(outfile, "w")
    os.ftruncate(fobj.fileno(), size)

def mkqcow2(outfile, size, options=None):
    '''use qemu-img to create a file of the given size.
       options is a list of options passed to qemu-img

       Default format is qcow2, override by passing "-f", fmt
       in options.
    '''
    options = options or []
    if "-f" not in options:
        options.extend(["-f", "qcow2"])
    runcmd(["qemu-img", "create"] + options + [outfile, str(size)])

def loop_attach(outfile):
    '''Attach a loop device to the given file. Return the loop device name.
    Raises CalledProcessError if losetup fails.'''
    dev = runcmd_output(["losetup", "--find", "--show", outfile])
    return dev.strip()

def loop_detach(loopdev):
    '''Detach the given loop device. Return False on failure.'''
    return (execWithRedirect("losetup", ["--detach", loopdev]) == 0)

def get_loop_name(path):
    '''Return the loop device associated with the path.
    Raises RuntimeError if more than one loop is associated'''
    buf = runcmd_output(["losetup", "-j", path])
    if len(buf.splitlines()) > 1:
        # there should never be more than one loop device listed
        raise RuntimeError("multiple loops associated with %s" % path)
    name = os.path.basename(buf.split(":")[0])
    return name

def dm_attach(dev, size, name=None):
    '''Attach a devicemapper device to the given device, with the given size.
    If name is None, a random name will be chosen. Returns the device name.
    raises CalledProcessError if dmsetup fails.'''
    if name is None:
        name = tempfile.mktemp(prefix="lorax.imgutils.", dir="")
    runcmd(["dmsetup", "create", name, "--table",
                       "0 %i linear %s 0" % (size/512, dev)])

def dm_detach(dev):
    '''Detach the named devicemapper device. Returns False if dmsetup fails.'''
    dev = dev.replace("/dev/mapper/", "") # strip prefix, if it's there
    return execWithRedirect("dmsetup", ["remove", dev])

def mount(dev, opts="", mnt=None):
    '''Mount the given device at the given mountpoint, using the given opts.
    opts should be a comma-separated string of mount options.
    if mnt is none, a temporary directory will be created and its path will be
    returned.
    raises CalledProcessError if mount fails.'''
    if mnt is None:
        mnt = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="lorax.imgutils.")
        logger.debug("make tmp mountdir %s", mnt)
    cmd = ["mount"]
    if opts:
        cmd += ["-o", opts]
    cmd += [dev, mnt]
    runcmd(cmd)
    return mnt

def umount(mnt,  lazy=False, maxretry=3, retrysleep=1.0):
    '''Unmount the given mountpoint. If lazy is True, do a lazy umount (-l).
    If the mount was a temporary dir created by mount, it will be deleted.
    raises CalledProcessError if umount fails.'''
    cmd = ["umount"]
    if lazy: cmd += ["-l"]
    cmd += [mnt]
    count = 0
    while maxretry > 0:
        try:
            rv = runcmd(cmd)
            count += 1
            if count == maxretry:
                raise
            logger.warn("failed to unmount %s. retrying (%d/%d)...",
                         mnt, count, maxretry)
            if logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.DEBUG:
                fuser = execWithCapture("fuser", ["-vm", mnt])
                logger.debug("fuser -vm:\n%s\n", fuser)
            sleep(retrysleep)
        else:
            break
    if 'lorax.imgutils' in mnt:
        os.rmdir(mnt)
        logger.debug("remove tmp mountdir %s", mnt)
    return (rv == 0)

def copytree(src, dest, preserve=True):
    '''Copy a tree of files using cp -a, thus preserving modes, timestamps,
    links, acls, sparse files, xattrs, selinux contexts, etc.
    If preserve is False, uses cp -R (useful for modeless filesystems)
    raises CalledProcessError if copy fails.'''
    logger.debug("copytree %s %s", src, dest)
    cp = ["cp", "-a"] if preserve else ["cp", "-R", "-L"]
    cp += [join(src, "."), os.path.abspath(dest)]
    runcmd(cp)

def do_grafts(grafts, dest, preserve=True):
    '''Copy each of the items listed in grafts into dest.
    If the key ends with '/' it's assumed to be a directory which should be
    created, otherwise just the leading directories will be created.'''
    for imgpath, filename in grafts.items():
        if imgpath[-1] == '/':
            targetdir = join(dest, imgpath)
            imgpath = imgpath[:-1]
        else:
            targetdir = join(dest, dirname(imgpath))
        if not os.path.isdir(targetdir):
            os.makedirs(targetdir)
        if os.path.isdir(filename):
            copytree(filename, join(dest, imgpath), preserve)
        else:
            cpfile(filename, join(dest, imgpath))

def round_to_blocks(size, blocksize):
    '''If size isn't a multiple of blocksize, round up to the next multiple'''
    diff = size % blocksize
    if diff or not size:
        size += blocksize - diff
    return size

# TODO: move filesystem data outside this function
def estimate_size(rootdir, graft=None, fstype=None, blocksize=4096, overhead=128):
    graft = graft or {}
    getsize = lambda f: os.lstat(f).st_size
    if fstype == "btrfs":
        overhead = 64*1024 # don't worry, it's all sparse
    if fstype == "hfsplus":
        overhead = 200 # hack to deal with two bootloader copies
    if fstype in ("vfat", "msdos"):
        blocksize = 2048
        getsize = lambda f: os.stat(f).st_size # no symlinks, count as copies
    total = overhead*blocksize
    dirlist = list(graft.values())
    if rootdir:
        dirlist.append(rootdir)
    for root in dirlist:
        for top, dirs, files in os.walk(root):
            for f in files + dirs:
                total += round_to_blocks(getsize(join(top,f)), blocksize)
        total = max(256*1024*1024, total) # btrfs minimum size: 256MB
    return total

######## Execution contexts - use with the 'with' statement ##############

class LoopDev(object):
    def __init__(self, filename, size=None):
        self.loopdev = None
        self.filename = filename
        if size:
            mksparse(self.filename, size)
    def __enter__(self):
        self.loopdev = loop_attach(self.filename)
        return self.loopdev
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tracebk):
        loop_detach(self.loopdev)

class DMDev(object):
    def __init__(self, dev, size, name=None):
        self.mapperdev = None
        (self.dev, self.size, self.name) = (dev, size, name)
        self.mapperdev = dm_attach(self.dev, self.size, self.name)
        return self.mapperdev
        dm_detach(self.mapperdev)

class Mount(object):
    def __init__(self, dev, opts="", mnt=None):
        (self.dev, self.opts, self.mnt) = (dev, opts, mnt)
        self.mnt = mount(self.dev, self.opts, self.mnt)
        return self.mnt
        umount(self.mnt)

class PartitionMount(object):
    """ Mount a partitioned image file using kpartx """
    def __init__(self, disk_img, mount_ok=None):
        """
        disk_img is the full path to a partitioned disk image
        mount_ok is a function that is passed the mount point and
        returns True if it should be mounted.
        """
        self.mount_dev = None
        self.mount_size = None
        self.mount_dir = None
        self.disk_img = disk_img
        self.mount_ok = mount_ok

        # Default is to mount partition with /etc/passwd
        if not self.mount_ok:
            self.mount_ok = lambda mount_dir: os.path.isfile(mount_dir+"/etc/passwd")

        # Example kpartx output
        # kpartx -p p -v -a /tmp/diskV2DiCW.im
        # add map loop2p1 (253:2): 0 3481600 linear /dev/loop2 2048
        # add map loop2p2 (253:3): 0 614400 linear /dev/loop2 3483648
        kpartx_output = runcmd_output(["kpartx", "-v", "-a", "-s", self.disk_img])
        logger.debug(kpartx_output)

        # list of (deviceName, sizeInBytes)
        self.loop_devices = []
        for line in kpartx_output.splitlines():
            # add map loop2p3 (253:4): 0 7139328 linear /dev/loop2 528384
            # 3rd element is size in 512 byte blocks
            if line.startswith("add map "):
                fields = line[8:].split()
                self.loop_devices.append( (fields[0], int(fields[3])*512) )

        # Mount the device selected by mount_ok, if possible
        mount_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        for dev, size in self.loop_devices:
            try:
                mount( "/dev/mapper/"+dev, mnt=mount_dir )
                if self.mount_ok(mount_dir):
                    self.mount_dir = mount_dir
                    self.mount_dev = dev
                    self.mount_size = size
                    break
                umount( mount_dir )
            except CalledProcessError:
                logger.debug(traceback.format_exc())
        if self.mount_dir:
            logger.info("Partition mounted on %s size=%s", self.mount_dir, self.mount_size)
        else:
            logger.debug("Unable to mount anything from %s", self.disk_img)
            os.rmdir(mount_dir)
        return self

            umount( self.mount_dir )
            os.rmdir(self.mount_dir)
            self.mount_dir = None
        execWithRedirect("kpartx", ["-d", "-s", self.disk_img])

######## Functions for making filesystem images ##########################

def mkfsimage(fstype, rootdir, outfile, size=None, mkfsargs=None, mountargs="", graft=None):
    '''Generic filesystem image creation function.
    fstype should be a filesystem type - "mkfs.${fstype}" must exist.
    graft should be a dict: {"some/path/in/image": "local/file/or/dir"};
      if the path ends with a '/' it's assumed to be a directory.
    Will raise CalledProcessError if something goes wrong.'''
    mkfsargs = mkfsargs or []
    preserve = (fstype not in ("msdos", "vfat"))
    if not size:
        size = estimate_size(rootdir, graft, fstype)
    with LoopDev(outfile, size) as loopdev:
        try:
            runcmd(["mkfs.%s" % fstype] + mkfsargs + [loopdev])
            logger.error("mkfs exited with a non-zero return code: %d", e.returncode)
            logger.error(e.output)
            sys.exit(e.returncode)

        with Mount(loopdev, mountargs) as mnt:
            if rootdir:
                copytree(rootdir, mnt, preserve)
            do_grafts(graft, mnt, preserve)

    # Make absolutely sure that the data has been written
    runcmd(["sync"])

# convenience functions with useful defaults
def mkdosimg(rootdir, outfile, size=None, label="", mountargs="shortname=winnt,umask=0077", graft=None):
    mkfsimage("msdos", rootdir, outfile, size, mountargs=mountargs,
              mkfsargs=["-n", label], graft=graft)

def mkext4img(rootdir, outfile, size=None, label="", mountargs="", graft=None):
    mkfsimage("ext4", rootdir, outfile, size, mountargs=mountargs,
              mkfsargs=["-L", label, "-b", "1024", "-m", "0"], graft=graft)

def mkbtrfsimg(rootdir, outfile, size=None, label="", mountargs="", graft=None):
    mkfsimage("btrfs", rootdir, outfile, size, mountargs=mountargs,
               mkfsargs=["-L", label], graft=graft)

def mkhfsimg(rootdir, outfile, size=None, label="", mountargs="", graft=None):
    mkfsimage("hfsplus", rootdir, outfile, size, mountargs=mountargs,
              mkfsargs=["-v", label], graft=graft)

#
# executil.py - subprocess execution utility functions
#
# Copyright (C) 1999-2015
# Red Hat, Inc.  All rights reserved.
#
#
#
#

import os
import subprocess
import signal

log = logging.getLogger("pylorax")
program_log = logging.getLogger("program")

from threading import Lock
program_log_lock = Lock()

_child_env = {}

def setenv(name, value):
    """ Set an environment variable to be used by child processes.

        This method does not modify os.environ for the running process, which
        is not thread-safe. If setenv has already been called for a particular
        variable name, the old value is overwritten.

        :param str name: The name of the environment variable
        :param str value: The value of the environment variable
    """

    _child_env[name] = value

def augmentEnv():
    env = os.environ.copy()
    env.update(_child_env)
    return env

class ExecProduct(object):
    def __init__(self, rc, stdout, stderr):
        self.rc = rc
        self.stdout = stdout
        self.stderr = stderr

def startProgram(argv, root='/', stdin=None, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
        env_prune=None, env_add=None, reset_handlers=True, reset_lang=True, **kwargs):
    """ Start an external program and return the Popen object.

        The root and reset_handlers arguments are handled by passing a
        preexec_fn argument to subprocess.Popen, but an additional preexec_fn
        can still be specified and will be run. The user preexec_fn will be run
        last.

        :param argv: The command to run and argument
        :param root: The directory to chroot to before running command.
        :param stdin: The file object to read stdin from.
        :param stdout: The file object to write stdout to.
        :param stderr: The file object to write stderr to.
        :param env_prune: environment variables to remove before execution
        :param env_add: environment variables to add before execution
        :param reset_handlers: whether to reset to SIG_DFL any signal handlers set to SIG_IGN
        :param reset_lang: whether to set the locale of the child process to C
        :param kwargs: Additional parameters to pass to subprocess.Popen
        :return: A Popen object for the running command.
    """
    if env_prune is None:
        env_prune = []

    # Check for and save a preexec_fn argument
    preexec_fn = kwargs.pop("preexec_fn", None)

    def preexec():
        # If a target root was specificed, chroot into it
        if root and root != '/':
            os.chroot(root)
            os.chdir("/")

        # Signal handlers set to SIG_IGN persist across exec. Reset
        # these to SIG_DFL if requested. In particular this will include the
        # SIGPIPE handler set by python.
        if reset_handlers:
            for signum in range(1, signal.NSIG):
                if signal.getsignal(signum) == signal.SIG_IGN:
                    signal.signal(signum, signal.SIG_DFL)

        # If the user specified an additional preexec_fn argument, run it
        if preexec_fn is not None:
            preexec_fn()

    with program_log_lock:
        program_log.info("Running... %s", " ".join(argv))

    env = augmentEnv()
    for var in env_prune:
        env.pop(var, None)

    if reset_lang:
        env.update({"LC_ALL": "C"})

    if env_add:
        env.update(env_add)

    return subprocess.Popen(argv,
                            stdin=stdin,
                            stdout=stdout,
                            stderr=stderr,
                            close_fds=True,
                            preexec_fn=preexec, cwd=root, env=env, **kwargs)

def _run_program(argv, root='/', stdin=None, stdout=None, env_prune=None, log_output=True,
        binary_output=False, filter_stderr=False, raise_err=False, callback=None):
    """ Run an external program, log the output and return it to the caller

        :param stdout: Optional file object to write the output to.
        :param env_prune: environment variable to remove before execution
        :param log_output: whether to log the output of command
        :param binary_output: whether to treat the output of command as binary data
        :param filter_stderr: whether to exclude the contents of stderr from the returned output
        :param raise_err: whether to raise a CalledProcessError if the returncode is non-zero
        :param callback: method to call while waiting for process to finish, passed Popen object
        :return: The return code of the command and the output
        :raises: OSError or CalledProcessError
    """
    try:
        if filter_stderr:
            stderr = subprocess.PIPE
        else:
            stderr = subprocess.STDOUT

        proc = startProgram(argv, root=root, stdin=stdin, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=stderr,
                            env_prune=env_prune, universal_newlines=not binary_output)

        if callback:
            while callback(proc) and proc.poll() is None:
                sleep(1)

        (output_string, err_string) = proc.communicate()
        if output_string:
            if binary_output:
                output_lines = [output_string]
            else:
                if output_string[-1] != "\n":
                    output_string = output_string + "\n"
                output_lines = output_string.splitlines(True)

            if log_output:
                with program_log_lock:
                    for line in output_lines:
                        program_log.info(line.strip())

            if stdout:
                stdout.write(output_string)

        # If stderr was filtered, log it separately
        if filter_stderr and err_string and log_output:
            err_lines = err_string.splitlines(True)

            with program_log_lock:
                for line in err_lines:
                    program_log.info(line.strip())

        with program_log_lock:
            program_log.error("Error running %s: %s", argv[0], e.strerror)
        raise

        program_log.debug("Return code: %d", proc.returncode)

    if proc.returncode and raise_err:
        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(proc.returncode, argv)

    return (proc.returncode, output_string)

def execWithRedirect(command, argv, stdin=None, stdout=None, root='/', env_prune=None,
                     log_output=True, binary_output=False, raise_err=False, callback=None):
    """ Run an external program and redirect the output to a file.

        :param command: The command to run
        :param argv: The argument list
        :param stdout: Optional file object to redirect stdout and stderr to.
        :return: The return code of the command
    """
    argv = [command] + list(argv)
    return _run_program(argv, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout, root=root, env_prune=env_prune,
            log_output=log_output, binary_output=binary_output, raise_err=raise_err, callback=callback)[0]

def execWithCapture(command, argv, stdin=None, root='/', log_output=True, filter_stderr=False,
                    raise_err=False, callback=None):
    """ Run an external program and capture standard out and err.

        :param log_output: Whether to log the output of command
        :param filter_stderr: Whether stderr should be excluded from the returned output
        :return: The output of the command
    """
    return _run_program(argv, stdin=stdin, root=root, log_output=log_output, filter_stderr=filter_stderr,
                        raise_err=raise_err, callback=callback)[1]

def runcmd(cmd, **kwargs):
    """ run execWithRedirect with raise_err=True
    """
    kwargs["raise_err"] = True
    return execWithRedirect(cmd[0], cmd[1:], **kwargs)

def runcmd_output(cmd, **kwargs):
    """ run execWithCapture with raise_err=True
    """
    return execWithCapture(cmd[0], cmd[1:], **kwargs)

#
# treeinfo.py
#
#
#
#
#
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.treeinfo")

import configparser
import time

class TreeInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, product, version, variant, basearch,
                 packagedir=""):

        self.c = configparser.ConfigParser()

        section = "general"
        data = {"timestamp": str(time.time()),
                "family": product,
                "version": version,
                "name": "%s-%s" % (product, version),
                "variant": variant or "",
                "arch": basearch,
                "packagedir": packagedir}

        self.c.add_section(section)
        list(self.c.set(section, key, value) for key, value in data.items())

    def add_section(self, section, data):
        if not self.c.has_section(section):
            self.c.add_section(section)

        logger.info("writing .treeinfo file")
            self.c.write(fobj)

#
# __init__.py
#
# Copyright (C) 2010-2015  Red Hat, Inc.
#
#
#
#
#                     David Cantrell <dcantrell@redhat.com>

# set up logging
logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax")
logger.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())

import sys
import os
import tempfile
import locale
import selinux

from pylorax.base import BaseLoraxClass, DataHolder

import dnf

from pylorax.sysutils import joinpaths, remove, linktree

from pylorax.treebuilder import RuntimeBuilder, TreeBuilder
from pylorax.buildstamp import BuildStamp
from pylorax.treeinfo import TreeInfo
from pylorax.discinfo import DiscInfo

# List of drivers to remove on ppc64 arch to keep initrd < 32MiB
REMOVE_PPC64_DRIVERS = "floppy scsi_debug nouveau radeon cirrus mgag200"
REMOVE_PPC64_MODULES = "drm plymouth"

class ArchData(DataHolder):
    lib64_arches = ("x86_64", "ppc64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "ia64", "aarch64")
    bcj_arch = dict(i386="x86", x86_64="x86",
                    ppc="powerpc", ppc64="powerpc", ppc64le="powerpc",
                    arm="arm", armhfp="arm")

    def __init__(self, buildarch):
        super(ArchData, self).__init__()
        self.buildarch = buildarch
        self.basearch = dnf.arch.basearch(buildarch)
        self.libdir = "lib64" if self.basearch in self.lib64_arches else "lib"
        self.bcj = self.bcj_arch.get(self.basearch)

class Lorax(BaseLoraxClass):

        BaseLoraxClass.__init__(self)
        self._configured = False
        self.product = None
        self.workdir = None
        self.arch = None
        self.conf = None
        self.inroot = None
        self.debug = False
        self.outputdir = None

        # set locale to C
        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'C')

    def configure(self, conf_file="/etc/lorax/lorax.conf"):
        self.conf = configparser.SafeConfigParser()

        # set defaults
        self.conf.add_section("lorax")
        self.conf.set("lorax", "debug", "1")
        self.conf.set("lorax", "sharedir", "/usr/share/lorax")
        self.conf.set("lorax", "logdir", "/var/log/lorax")

        self.conf.add_section("output")
        self.conf.set("output", "colors", "1")
        self.conf.set("output", "encoding", "utf-8")
        self.conf.set("output", "ignorelist", "/usr/share/lorax/ignorelist")

        self.conf.add_section("templates")
        self.conf.set("templates", "ramdisk", "ramdisk.ltmpl")

        self.conf.add_section("compression")
        self.conf.set("compression", "type", "xz")
        self.conf.set("compression", "args", "")
        self.conf.set("compression", "bcj", "on")

        # read the config file
        if os.path.isfile(conf_file):
            self.conf.read(conf_file)

        # set up the output
        self.debug = self.conf.getboolean("lorax", "debug")
        output_level = output.DEBUG if self.debug else output.INFO

        if sys.stdout.isatty():
            colors = self.conf.getboolean("output", "colors")
        else:
            colors = False
        encoding = self.conf.get("output", "encoding")

        self.output.basic_config(output_level=output_level,
                                 colors=colors, encoding=encoding)

        ignorelist = self.conf.get("output", "ignorelist")
        if os.path.isfile(ignorelist):
            with open(ignorelist, "r") as fobj:
                for line in fobj:
                    line = line.strip()
                    if line and not line.startswith("#"):
                        self.output.ignore(line)

        # cron does not have sbin in PATH,
        # so we have to add it ourselves
        os.environ["PATH"] = "{0}:/sbin:/usr/sbin".format(os.environ["PATH"])

        # remove some environmental variables that can cause problems with package scripts
        env_remove = ('DISPLAY', 'DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS')
        list(os.environ.pop(k) for k in env_remove if k in os.environ)

        self._configured = True

    def init_stream_logging(self):
        sh = logging.StreamHandler()
        sh.setLevel(logging.INFO)
        logger.addHandler(sh)

    def init_file_logging(self, logdir, logname="pylorax.log"):
        fh = logging.FileHandler(filename=joinpaths(logdir, logname), mode="w")
        fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
        logger.addHandler(fh)

    def run(self, dbo, product, version, release, variant="", bugurl="",
            isfinal=False, workdir=None, outputdir=None, buildarch=None, volid=None,
            domacboot=True, doupgrade=True, remove_temp=False,
            installpkgs=None,
            size=2,
            add_templates=None,
            add_template_vars=None,
            add_arch_templates=None,
            add_arch_template_vars=None):

        assert self._configured

        installpkgs = installpkgs or []

        try:
        else:

        if domacboot:
            try:
                runcmd(["rpm", "-q", "hfsplus-tools"])
                logger.critical("you need to install hfsplus-tools to create mac images")
                sys.exit(1)

        # set up work directory
        self.workdir = workdir or tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pylorax.work.")
        if not os.path.isdir(self.workdir):
            os.makedirs(self.workdir)

        # set up log directory
        logdir = self.conf.get("lorax", "logdir")
        if not os.path.isdir(logdir):
            os.makedirs(logdir)

        self.init_stream_logging()
        self.init_file_logging(logdir)

        logger.debug("version is %s", vernum)
        logger.debug("using work directory %s", self.workdir)
        logger.debug("using log directory %s", logdir)

        # set up output directory
        self.outputdir = outputdir or tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pylorax.out.")
        if not os.path.isdir(self.outputdir):
            os.makedirs(self.outputdir)
        logger.debug("using output directory %s", self.outputdir)

        # do we have root privileges?
        logger.info("checking for root privileges")
        if not os.geteuid() == 0:
            logger.critical("no root privileges")
            sys.exit(1)

        # is selinux disabled?
        # With selinux in enforcing mode the rpcbind package required for
        # dracut nfs module, which is in turn required by anaconda module,
        # will not get installed, because it's preinstall scriptlet fails,
        # resulting in an incomplete initial ramdisk image.
        # The reason is that the scriptlet runs tools from the shadow-utils
        # package in chroot, particularly groupadd and useradd to add the
        # required rpc group and rpc user. This operation fails, because
        # the selinux context on files in the chroot, that the shadow-utils
        # tools need to access (/etc/group, /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow etc.),
        # is wrong and selinux therefore disallows access to these files.
        logger.info("checking the selinux mode")
        if selinux.is_selinux_enabled() and selinux.security_getenforce():
            logger.critical("selinux must be disabled or in Permissive mode")

        # do we have a proper dnf base object?
        logger.info("checking dnf base object")
        if not isinstance(dbo, dnf.Base):
            logger.critical("no dnf base object")
        self.inroot = dbo.conf.installroot
        logger.debug("using install root: %s", self.inroot)

        if not buildarch:
            buildarch = get_buildarch(dbo)

        logger.info("setting up build architecture")
        self.arch = ArchData(buildarch)
        for attr in ('buildarch', 'basearch', 'libdir'):
            logger.debug("self.arch.%s = %s", attr, getattr(self.arch,attr))

        logger.info("setting up build parameters")
        product = DataHolder(name=product, version=version, release=release,
                             variant=variant, bugurl=bugurl, isfinal=isfinal)
        logger.debug("product data: %s", product)

        # NOTE: if you change isolabel, you need to change pungi to match, or
        # the pungi images won't boot.
        isolabel = volid or "%s-%s-%s" % (product, version, self.arch.basearch)

        if len(isolabel) > 32:
            logger.fatal("the volume id cannot be longer than 32 characters")

        templatedir = self.conf.get("lorax", "sharedir")
        # NOTE: rb.root = dbo.conf.installroot (== self.inroot)
        rb = RuntimeBuilder(product=self.product, arch=self.arch,
                            dbo=dbo, templatedir=templatedir,
                            installpkgs=installpkgs,
                            add_templates=add_templates,
                            add_template_vars=add_template_vars)

        logger.info("installing runtime packages")
        rb.install()

        # write .buildstamp
        buildstamp = BuildStamp(self.product.name, self.product.version,
                                self.product.bugurl, self.product.isfinal, self.arch.buildarch)

        buildstamp.write(joinpaths(self.inroot, ".buildstamp"))

        if self.debug:
            rb.writepkglists(joinpaths(logdir, "pkglists"))
            rb.writepkgsizes(joinpaths(logdir, "original-pkgsizes.txt"))

        logger.info("doing post-install configuration")
        rb.postinstall()

        # write .discinfo
        discinfo = DiscInfo(self.product.release, self.arch.basearch)
        discinfo.write(joinpaths(self.outputdir, ".discinfo"))

        logger.info("backing up installroot")
        installroot = joinpaths(self.workdir, "installroot")
        linktree(self.inroot, installroot)

        logger.info("generating kernel module metadata")
        rb.generate_module_data()

        logger.info("cleaning unneeded files")
        rb.cleanup()

            rb.writepkgsizes(joinpaths(logdir, "final-pkgsizes.txt"))

        logger.info("creating the runtime image")
        runtime = "images/install.img"
        compression = self.conf.get("compression", "type")
        compressargs = self.conf.get("compression", "args").split()     # pylint: disable=no-member
        if self.conf.getboolean("compression", "bcj"):
            if self.arch.bcj:
                compressargs += ["-Xbcj", self.arch.bcj]
            else:
                logger.info("no BCJ filter for arch %s", self.arch.basearch)
        rb.create_runtime(joinpaths(installroot,runtime),
                          compression=compression, compressargs=compressargs,
                          size=size)
        rb.finished()

        logger.info("preparing to build output tree and boot images")
        treebuilder = TreeBuilder(product=self.product, arch=self.arch,
                                  inroot=installroot, outroot=self.outputdir,
                                  runtime=runtime, isolabel=isolabel,
                                  domacboot=domacboot, doupgrade=doupgrade,
                                  templatedir=templatedir,
                                  add_templates=add_arch_templates,
                                  add_template_vars=add_arch_template_vars,
                                  workdir=self.workdir)

        logger.info("rebuilding initramfs images")
        dracut_args = ["--xz", "--install", "/.buildstamp"]
        anaconda_args = dracut_args + ["--add", "anaconda pollcdrom"]

        # ppc64 cannot boot an initrd > 32MiB so remove some drivers
        if self.arch.basearch in ("ppc64", "ppc64le"):
            dracut_args.extend(["--omit-drivers", REMOVE_PPC64_DRIVERS])

            # Only omit dracut modules from the initrd so that they're kept for
            # upgrade.img
            anaconda_args.extend(["--omit", REMOVE_PPC64_MODULES])

        treebuilder.rebuild_initrds(add_args=anaconda_args)

        if doupgrade:
            # Build upgrade.img. It'd be nice if these could coexist in the same
            # image, but that would increase the size of the anaconda initramfs,
            # which worries some people (esp. PPC tftpboot). So they're separate.
            try:
                # If possible, use the 'fedup' plymouth theme
                themes = runcmd_output(['plymouth-set-default-theme', '--list'],
                                       root=installroot)
                if 'fedup' in themes.splitlines():
                    os.environ['PLYMOUTH_THEME_NAME'] = 'fedup'
            except RuntimeError:
                pass
            upgrade_args = dracut_args + ["--add", "system-upgrade"]
            treebuilder.rebuild_initrds(add_args=upgrade_args, prefix="upgrade")

        logger.info("populating output tree and building boot images")
        treebuilder.build()

        # write .treeinfo file and we're done
        treeinfo = TreeInfo(self.product.name, self.product.version,
                            self.product.variant, self.arch.basearch)
        for section, data in treebuilder.treeinfo_data.items():
            treeinfo.add_section(section, data)
        treeinfo.write(joinpaths(self.outputdir, ".treeinfo"))

        # cleanup
        if remove_temp:
            remove(self.workdir)

def get_buildarch(dbo):
    # get architecture of the available anaconda package
    buildarch = None
    q = dbo.sack.query()
    a = q.available()
    for anaconda in a.filter(name="anaconda"):
        if anaconda.arch != "src":
            buildarch = anaconda.arch
            break
    if not buildarch:
        logger.critical("no anaconda package in the repository")
        sys.exit(1)

    return buildarch

#
# decorators.py
#
#
#
#
#
#

def singleton(cls):
    instances = {}

    def get_instance():
        if cls not in instances:
            instances[cls] = cls()
        return instances[cls]

    return get_instance

#
# dnfhelper.py
#
#
#
#
#
#                     Brian C. Lane <bcl@redhat.com>
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.dnfhelper")
import dnf

__all__ = ['LoraxDownloadCallback', 'LoraxRpmCallback']

def _paced(fn):
    """Execute `fn` no more often then every 2 seconds."""
    def paced_fn(self, *args):
        now = time.time()
        if now - self.last_time < 2:
            return
        self.last_time = now
        return fn(self, *args)
    return paced_fn

class LoraxDownloadCallback(dnf.callback.DownloadProgress):
        self.downloads = collections.defaultdict(int)
        self.last_time = time.time()
        self.total_files = 0
        self.total_size = 0

        self.pkgno = 0
        self.total = 0

    @_paced
    def _update(self):
        msg = "Downloading %(pkgno)s / %(total_files)s RPMs, " \
              "%(downloaded)s / %(total_size)s (%(percent)d%%) done.\n"
        downloaded = sum(self.downloads.values())
        vals = {
            'downloaded'  : downloaded,
            'percent'     : int(100 * downloaded/self.total_size),
            'pkgno'       : self.pkgno,
            'total_files' : self.total_files,
            'total_size'  : self.total_size
        }
        self.output.write(msg % vals)

    def end(self, payload, status, err_msg):
        nevra = str(payload)
        if status is dnf.callback.STATUS_OK:
            self.downloads[nevra] = payload.download_size
            self.pkgno += 1
            self._update()
            return
        logger.critical("Failed to download '%s': %d - %s", nevra, status, err_msg)

    def progress(self, payload, done):
        self.downloads[nevra] = done
        self._update()

    def start(self, total_files, total_size):
        self.total_files = total_files
        self.total_size = total_size

class LoraxRpmCallback(dnf.callback.LoggingTransactionDisplay):
    def __init__(self, queue):
        super(LoraxRpmCallback, self).__init__()
        self._queue = queue
        self._last_ts = None
        self.cnt = 0

    def event(self, package, action, te_current, te_total, ts_current, ts_total):
        if action == self.PKG_INSTALL and te_current == 0:
            # do not report same package twice
            if self._last_ts == ts_current:
                return
            self._last_ts = ts_current

            msg = '(%d/%d) %s.%s' % \
                (ts_current, ts_total, package.name, package.arch)
            self.cnt += 1
            self._queue.put(('install', msg))
        elif action == self.TRANS_POST:
            self._queue.put(('post', None))

#
# discinfo.py
#
#
#
#
#
#

logger = logging.getLogger("pylorax.discinfo")

class DiscInfo(object):

    def __init__(self, release, basearch):
        self.release = release
        self.basearch = basearch

        logger.info("writing .discinfo file")
            fobj.write("{0:f}\n".format(time.time()))
            fobj.write("{0.release}\n".format(self))
            fobj.write("{0.basearch}\n".format(self))

PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients

Why must 'self' be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?

Why does a_tuple[i] += ['item'] raise an exception when the addition works?

PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation

What is the most efficient way to concatenate many strings together?